“Citizens and citizen leaders”: this is Harvard’s guiding concept in creating its incoming class every year. So it’s no wonder that Harvard seeks applicants who “aren’t so single-minded in their focus and conversations.” As a Boston Globe article states, “Take Greek instead of coding.”³ Harvard appreciates students whose interests are intentional and off-the-beaten-path. Such students, it assumes, will bring a wide-ranging, creative approach to the world.

Harvard is less interested in the superstar STEM student for pragmatic reasons as well. It will assume that an applicant focused primarily on computer science or robotics is shopping around for a top science-focused school like MIT or Caltech. If too many admits choose these schools instead, Harvard might be left with an unbalanced class or too many seats to fill at the last minute.

The mark of a “citizen leader” is above all, character. Until this year, Harvard looked for students with “outstanding” character but did not specify what “outstanding” means – leaving the definition open to an overly broad, subjective interpretation. This last admissions season, in response to recent scrutiny, Harvard gave its staff more guidance, further defining “character” as:

• Enormous courage in the face of seemingly insurmountable obstacles in life
• Singular ability to lead or inspire those around them
• Extraordinary concern or compassion for others
• Receives unqualified and unwavering support from their recommenders⁴

Harvard is very serious in its desire to populate each incoming class with truly interesting, strong, and open-hearted students. Take the case of a student recognized for the “sheer power and clarity” of his thought but ultimately rejected when readers learned that he “was seriously considering circulating a petition to have his then-English teacher dismissed.” Or the recruited athlete who was ultimately rejected because she lacked “spark or enthusiasm or any particularly compelling or appealing quality.” A biracial student who focused on his computer programming experience was rejected, too.⁵

When you’re doling out entrance to an elite community at the rate of 5% in an open yet political society such as ours,⁶ you will be tasked, as Harvard is, with achieving a balance among wide-ranging outreach efforts, inner-circle interests, and mission-driven recruitment. Harvard navigates its complicated web of stakeholders by maintaining a regular pool and some special lists of applicants.

First, here’s how the regular pool works. After each submission deadline, applications are sorted among 20 geographic “dockets.” Next, a subcommittee of two or three admissions officers who know each region well rate applicants in five categories:

1. academic,
2. extracurricular,
3. athletic,
4. personal, and
5. strength of school recommendations

An alumni interviewer, who does not review candidate applications, submits a separate rating.

Harvard rates students on a scale of 1-5, with 1 as the highest score. Applications scoring 2 or above advance to the next round: review by a subcommittee of admissions officers, faculty readers, and a senior admissions official. Here’s where the intense discussion and debate take place as members deliberate and then decide through majority vote which applications to send to the full committee, which makes final decisions.

Along the way, readers give “tips” – or admissions advantages – to five groups of applicants:

1. racial and ethnic minorities,
2. the children of Harvard or Radcliffe alumni (legacy),
3. relatives of a Harvard donor,
4. the children of staff or faculty members, and
5. recruited athletes (Harvard admits almost 80% of recruited athletes).⁷

Applicants with tips will be given special consideration along with students on two additional VIP lists. These two lists are the dean’s or director’s “interest list” and the “Z-List.”⁸ Known as a “sort of back door to admissions,” the Z-list admits 50-60 students a year who are academically borderline but personally connected. The dean’s or director’s interest list consists of students the Dean William Fitzsimmons personally tracks. While the list includes some extraordinarily impressive students he’s been following for years, the dean himself testified that it favors well-connected applicants who are then presented to the alumni association or development office for a separate, additional rating.⁹

It all comes down to the full admissions committee, a group of 40 readers that meets in the first three weeks of March to navigate all these various application streams in crafting the next year’s incoming class. Delicate decisions can turn on a dime, and Harvard admissions is no exception to this unnerving truth.

As the full admissions committee winds down, it tweaks the list through a practice called “lopping” – changing an application’s status from “admit” to “waitlist” or “deny.” It does so with an eye toward sculpting a balanced class in line with its mission.

Calling its process “flexible,” the full committee is known for changing decisions right up to releasing notification. “The full committee can be fickle,” the Harvard Crimson notes. “It often changes its mind, revisiting and occasionally rescinding its decisions to accept — or reject — borderline applicants.”¹⁰

As the Washington Post reports, “Money matters. Too little can be a plus, and blue-collar parents who work as manicurists and janitors help set off a ‘diamond in the rough’….But the uber-wealthy are welcomed too, and applicants with parents willing to shell out millions of dollars to fund a new building or endowment will earn a closer look.”¹¹

While the underprivileged or uber-wealthy get an admissions edge, middle- or upper-class students with a perfect academic profile but no legacy or athletic status have a harder time standing out. A former Harvard admissions officer puts it this way: “You don’t have first-gen. You don’t have son of a police officer. You don’t have the immigrant story, or the poor immigrant story, that captivates private colleges and universities.” And this means that candidates from middle- and upper-class families “just have to be stronger and better.”¹²